Introduction Global trade depends heavily on maritime transportation, with over

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a critical group of 17 metallic elements essential to modern technology, renewable energy, and defense industries. Despite their name, they are relatively abundant but often difficult to extract in economically viable concentrations. China dominates the rare earth supply chain, controlling both mining and refining. This article explores the global distribution, demand, major industry players, China’s overseas investments, and efforts to reduce dependence on China.

In competitive bidding scenarios, the synergy between procurement and sales

Game theory plays a crucial role in procurement by helping